Democracy Now!
December 2005
Friday 30
2005 in Review: Power, Politics and Resistance. Today, part one of our special look back at 2005, including George W. Bush's inaugeration and protests against election fraud, the occupation of Iraq, the conviction of attorney Lynne Stewart, the appointment of John Bolton to the UN, the revelation of Deep Throat, the conviction of Edgar Ray Killen for killing the three civil rights workers in 1964, and much more.
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Thursday 29
As a Top Enron Exec Pleads Guilty, Journalist Robert Bryce Discusses the Death of Enron and the Firm's Close Ties to President Bush. Enron's former chief accountant Richard Causey may now testify against Kenneth Lay and Jeffrey Skilling. We look at the fate of President Bush's biggest corporate campaign donor with the author of "Pipe Dreams: Greed, Ego, and the Death of Enron."
Crime without Conviction: U.S. Makes Deals With Corporate Criminals Instead of Prosecuting. Corporations that commit securities and accounting fraud can now expect to get sweetheart deals from the Justice Department, and they don't face public exposure for their misdeeds. We speak with Russell Mokhiber of Corporate Crime Reporter.
Reverend Billy Preaches on Shopocolypse Tour of the Country. Reverend Billy and the Stop Shopping Gospel Choir went on a holiday circuit to preach against corporate consumer culture from Wal-Mart to Disneyland. The Reverend joins us in our firehouse studio.
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Wednesday 28
The Tsunami, One Year Later: More Than A Million Still Homeless in Sri Lanka. On this first anniversary of the tsunami that devastated South Asia, we look at the fallout for the people of Sri Lanka. We speak with the Sri Lankan ambassador to the United Nations, an anti-poverty activist in Sri Lanka, and a physician treating Tamil refugees.
Post-Tsunami Indonesia: As Armed Rebels Disband, Military Still Controls Aceh. The Aceh region of Indonesia was ground zero for the tsunami. The death toll there has been estimated at up to 200,000 people. We speak with Ed McWilliams, a former State Department official in Jakarta about the humanitarian disaster and political fallout between the armed GAM rebels and the Indonesian government.
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Tuesday 27
Critical Mass Bike Rides Face Police Crackdown. Cycling advocates have faced targeted surveillance and policing over the past year. We bring you excerpts from the documentary "Still We Ride," which traces the police crackdown on Critical Mass bike rides in New York City since the Republican National Convention.
New Video Evidence Shows NYPD Covert Surveillance of Cyclists and Protests. We host a roundtable discussion on covert police surveillance of demonstrations in New York City. Newly released video tape shows what the New York Times describes as "the robust presence of disguised officers" since the Republican National Convention in August 2004. We speak with the New York Police Department, I-Witness video, and The New York Times.
"It's An Excellent Relationship": NYPD on Police - CIA Links. New York Police Department Deputy Commissioner for Public Information, Paul Browne, described the ties between the NYPD and the the CIA as "an excellent relationship" on today's edition of Democracy Now!
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Monday 26
Readings From Howard Zinn's "Voices of a People's History of the United States". Today we spend the hour with readings from a Voices of a People's History of the United States edited by historian Howard Zinn and Anthony Arnove. It is the companion volume to Zinn’s legendary People’s History of the United States – which has sold over a million copies.
We will hear dramatic readings of speeches, letters, poems, songs, petitions, and manifestos. These are the voices of people throughout U.S. history who struggled against slavery, racism, and war, against oppression and exploitation, and who articulated a vision for a better world.
Speakers include Danny Glover, Marisa Tomei, Floyd Red Crow Westerman, Sandra Oh, and Viggo Mortensen.
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Friday 23
Noam Chomsky v. Alan Dershowitz: A Debate on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. We bring you a debate between Noam Chomsky and Alan Dershowtiz on the question, "Israel and Palestine After Disengagement: Where Do We Go From Here?" Dershowitz argued for a political solution based on an Israeli withdrawal from Palestinian towns and a mobile security fence to protect Israel's borders, while Chomsky insisted that the main obstacle to peace in the region is U.S.-Israeli insistence on maintaining settlements and rejecting minimal Palestinian rights. They faced off at Harvard's Kennedy School of Government last month.
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Thursday 22
NYC Transit Strike Enters Third Day: Negotiations Resume, Threats to Workers Heat Up, Public Support Remains High. New York City’s subway and bus system remains shut down as 33,000 transit workers have entered their third day on strike. On day two of the strike, a state judge threatened to jail union leader Roger Toussaint and two union officials for organizing the citywide strike. As we await the outcome of continuing negotiations, we speak with Democracy Now! co-host Juan Gonzalez about the strike.
NYC Transit Strike Hailed As Battle For Nation-Wide Labor Movement By Pension Reform Advocates. As the NYC transit workers continue to strike into day three, they continue to push for demands including reform of a pension plan, which labor movement activists view as important to the nation-wide movement. We speak with Frank Emspak, director of Workers Independent News, and Juan Gonzalez.
Cheney Casts Tie-Breaking Senate Vote Cutting $40 Billion to the Poor. Yesterday the senate narrowly passed a budget bill to cut $40 billion dollars of federal spending by ending funding for foster care, child support and student loans. The bill would also impose new fees on Medicaid recipients and new work restrictions on state welfare programs. We speak with Robert Greenstein of the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities about details of the bill.
Secret Prisons, CIA Kidnappings & Torture: A Look At Europe’s Reaction to the Bush Administration’s Covert Actions Overseas. As UK Prime Minister Tony Blair rejects calls for an inquiry into whether the CIA secretly used British airports, Agence France Press editor Bernard Estrade joins us in our Firehouse studio to discuss the uproar in Europe over the CIA’s actions.
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Wednesday 21
Mayor Bloomberg Condemns New York City Transit Strike, MTA Workers Hold Firm. New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg condemns a strike by 33,000 transit workers that has shut down the country's largest public transportation system for the first time in 25 years. We play an excerpt of Bloomberg's press conference, hear New York City commuters and transit workers explaining their reasons for the strike and we speak with Democracy Now! co-host Juan Gonzalez who has been closely covering the strike.
A Debate on the New York City Transit Strike. We host a debate on the New York City transit strike with Stanley Aronowitz, Professor of Sociology at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York and Nicole Gelnias, contributing editor at the Manhattan Institute's City Journal.
New Documents Show FBI Spying on Domestic Activist Groups. Newly released documents show counterterrorism agents at the FBI have been monitoring domestic organizations active in causes as diverse as peace, the environment, animal cruelty and poverty relief. The documents came as part of a series of Freedom of Information Act lawsuits brought by the American Civil Liberties Union. We are joined today by members of three groups under FBI surveillance: Greenpeace, PETA and the Catholic Worker.
First Step Towards Impeachment? Conyers Introduces Bills to Censure Bush and Cheney. We speak with Congressman John Conyers (D - MI) introduced measures to censure President Bush and Vice President Cheney for misleading lawmakers on the decision to go to war in Iraq. Conyers is also seeking the creation of a select committee to investigate the Administration's possible crimes and make recommendations regarding grounds for impeachment.
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Tuesday 20
The Story of Harold Wilson: Convicted of Triple Murder, Sentenced to Die, Exonerated After 17 Years in Prison. In a Democracy Now! broadcast exclusive, we spend the hour with Harold C. Wilson. Convicted of three murders in 1989, Wilson spent more than 17 years in prison, most of that time on death row. In 1999, Wilson's death sentence was overturned due to ineffective counsel. However, his murder convictions were not - and he remained on death row. Finally, on October 31st, 2005, Wilson's final trial began. DNA evidence was presented for the first time. On November 15th, he was acquitted of all charges and set free.
In an extended conversation, Wilson talks about his imprisonment, his trial, his soldier son, who is serving in Iraq, and his daughter, who is a prison guard in Arizona.
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Monday 19
An Impeachable Offense? Bush Admits Authorizing NSA to Eavesdrop on Americans Without Court Approval. President Bush has admitted he secretly ordered the National Security Agency to eavesdrop on Americans without ever seeking court approval. Famed constitutional attorney Martin Garbus and former intelligence officer, Christopher Pyle both say it is an impeachable offense. We also speak with investigative journalist James Bamford about the history of the NSA. Plus, The New York Times exposed the story, but why did they hold it for more than a year?
Leftist Union Leader Evo Morales Poised to Become First Indigenous President of Bolivia. In Bolivia, union leader Evo Morales has claimed a stunning victory in Sunday's presidential elections. Exit polls show Morales won just over 50% of the vote - giving him the greatest political mandate that any Bolivian president has had in decades. Morales would become the country's first indigenous head of state. He has vowed to increase state controls over Bolivia's key gas resources and to protect coca plantations. We go to Bolivia for a report.
WTO Talks Close with Partial Trade Agreement, Over 900 Protesters Arrested in Hong Kong. The World Trade Organization wrapped up its six-day ministerial meeting on Sunday with a partial trade agreement. On Saturday police arrested 900 protesters during widespread protests on the streets of Hong Kong led by farmers, peasants and union members. We go to Hong Kong for a report.
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Friday 16
House Debates Bill to Rewrite Immigration Laws, Includes Provision that Makes it a Felony to be an Undocumented Worker. The House debates a bill that would rewrite the nation's immigration laws. The legislation makes it a felony to be an undocumented worker to be in the United States without authorization and requires all employers to verify the legal status of their workers. We speak with the general counsel of the immigration worker program at the AFL-CIO and a member of the Border Network for Human Rights.
Workers in New Orleans Denied Pay, Proper Housing and Threatened with Deportation. In the clean-up efforts following the devastation of hurricane Katrina in New Orleans, many undocumented workers and homeless people were recruited to the area to work under large companies contracted by the federal government. We speak with Newsday reporter Tina Susman, who has investigated the case of a group of homeless men, and Bill Chandler, about subcontractors and workers' complaints.
New Orleans Residents Face Eviction From Homes as Rents Skyrocket and Legal Protections Remain Weak. Three months after fighting for their lives in the days after Hurricane Katrina hit the Gulf Coast, many survivors are now fighting to keep their homes in the city of New Orleans. We speak with attorney Ishmael Muhammad and a N.O. resident being evicted about the rising costs of rent and the legal challenges facing evacuees.
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Thursday 15
Pentagon Caught Spying on U.S. Anti-War and Anti-Nuclear Activists. Newly leaked Pentagon documents have confirmed the military has been monitoring and collecting intelligence on anti-war groups across the country. Peace protests are being described as threats and the military is collecting data on who is attending demonstrations. We speak with William Arkin, the former Army intelligence officer, who obtained the secret Pentagon documents.
Anti-War Protesters Under Pentagon Surveillance Speak Out. We speak to anti-war activists in New York, Florida, California, Iowa and Ohio who organized protests listed as threats by the Pentagon.
FBI Joint Terrorism Task Force Collected Intelligence on Peaceful Protesters in Colorado. The Colorado ACLU obtained the documents that the FBI collected the names and license plates of several dozen activists involved in non-violent protests against a 2002 convention of the North American Wholesale Lumber Association.
New York Activist Faces Life in Prison; Feds Accuse Him of Eco-Terrorism. Daniel McGowan was one of six environmental activists arrested last week in a series of coordinated raids across four states. He is accused of setting a pair of arsons in Oregon in 2001 and is being held without bail.
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Wednesday 14
Robert Fisk on The Murders of Gibran Tueni, Rafik Hariri and the Changing Tide in Lebanon. In Lebanon, tens of thousands of people have turned out for the funeral of prominent anti-Syrian publisher and lawmaker Gibran Tueni. Tueni was killed, along with three others, in a massive car bomb in Beirut on Monday. The blast came just hours before a UN inquiry team said it had fresh evidence to reinforce earlier findings of Syrian involvement in the assassination of former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri. We go to Beirut to speak with veteran Middle East Correspondent Robert Fisk.
The Iraq Invasion: Day 1,000. 1,000 days ago today, the U.S. invasion of Iraq officially began. Since then, over 2,300 coalition troops and as many as 100,000 Iraqis have been killed. Zero weapons of mass destruction have been found and the cost of the war has topped $200 billion dollars. We speak with Iraqi humanitarian Sami Rousuli in Karbala and Robert Fisk in Beirut
Study Shows Civilian Death Toll in Iraq More Than 100,000. On the 1,000th day of the U.S. war on Iraq, we look at a subject that usually receives little attention -- the Iraqi civilian death toll since the war began. We speak with Dr. Les Roberts, the lead researcher of a study released last year on the number of deaths in Iraq, which put the toll at more than 100,000.
Protests Continue at WTO Conference as Talks Stall Over Agricultural Trade. The World Trade Organization has entered its second day of its ministerial meeting in Hong Kong. South Koreans have led attempts to reach the convention center by swimming across Hong Kong Bay. They have been blocked off by heavily armed police barricades and beaten back by riot police with pepper spray and batons. We speak with Anuradha Mittal, an expert on world trade issues in Hong Kong.
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Tuesday 13
Stanley Tookie Williams Executed at San Quentin. Stanley Tookie Williams is dead. He was executed at 12:35 am PT by lethal injection at San Quentin State Prison. He was 51 years old. A co-founder of one of the country's most notorious street gangs, the Crips, Williams spent 24 years on death row after being convicted of four murders. During this period he became a Nobel Peace Prize nominee, children's author and a vocal advocate against gang violence. He maintained his innocence up until his death. Williams' fate was sealed Monday afternoon when California Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger rejected a final appeal for clemency. We play excerpts of a press conference where witnesses describe the execution and we hear reactions from his attorney, the NAACP and the Rev. Jesse Jackson.
Angela Davis: "The State of California May Have Extinguished the Life of Stanley Tookie Williams, But They Have Not Managed to Extinguish the Hope for a Better World". We speak with longtime prison activist and professor Angela Davis about the execution of Stanley Tookie Williams. She was outside San Quentin prison when he died. In the written response to Williams' clemency appeal, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger said "The dedication of Williams' book Life in Prison casts significant doubt on his personal redemption." - the dedication includes Angela Davis.
Stanley Tookie Williams: I Want the World to Remember Me for My "Redemptive Transition". We hear Stanley Tookie Williams in his own words, speaking in one his last interviews, recorded just hours before his death. He appeared on Pacifica Radio station WBAI's Wake Up Call. In the interview, Williams says he would like to be remembered for his redemptive transition: "Redemption. I can say it no better than that. That's how I would like the world to remember me. That's what I would like my legacy to be remembered as."
Did Texas Execute an Innocent Man? Investigating the Details of the Cantu Case. Ruben Cantu was the fifth teenager convicted and executed by the state of Texas. Now more than a dozen years after his death, a further investigation into his case has provided new information supporting his unwavering claim to innocence. We speak with Lise Olsen, the reporter from the Houston Chronicle who has written a series of articles on the case.
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Monday 12
CA Supreme Court Denies Stay of Execution for Death Row Prisoner Stanley Tookie Williams, Fate Lies with Gov. Schwarzenegger. Death row prisoner Stanley Tookie Williams is scheduled to die by lethal injection at 12:01 am PT. Tuesday unless California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger intervenes and grants clemency. On Sunday, the California Supreme Court unanimously denied an emergency request by his lawyers to halt his execution. We speak with Barbara Becnel and play an excerpt of our interview with Williams from San Quentin death row.
No Word on Fate of Four Kidnapped Peace Activists as Deadline From Captors to Kill Them Passes in Iraq. There has been no word on the fate of four Christian peace activists kidnapped two weeks ago in Baghdad. Their kidnappers had threatened to kill them by Saturday if Iraq and U.S. didn't release all prisoners in Iraq. We hear from family members of the kidnapped activists and others calling for their release.
Richard Pryor 1940 - 2005: Pioneering Comedian Revealed Reality of African-American Experience to Wide Audience. Groundbreaking comedian, Richard Pryor, died in Los Angeles Saturday at the age of 65 of a heart attack. Pryor's body of work set the standard for American comedy while penetrating and revealing the African-American experience to a wide audience. We speak with journalist and author Mel Watkins.
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Friday 9
New Orleans Evacuees and Activists Testify at Explosive House Hearing on the Role of Race and Class in Government's Response to Hurricane Katrina. Three months after Hurricane Katrina ripped through the southern coast of the United States, decimating communities in Mississippi and Louisiana, we play excerpts of an explosive congressional hearing focusing on race and the government's response to the disaster.
How Many Are Missing and Dead After Katrina? Three Months After the Hurricane, the Numbers are Still Unknown. Questions still remain over how many people died after Hurricane Katrina as well as the whereabouts of all of the evacuees. The official death toll stands at about 1,300 but thousands of people are still reported missing. One newspaper reported the whereabouts of 6,600 people reported missing have not been determined. We speak with New Orleans evacuee Leah Hodges, who is still missing her brother, and Tina Susman, a Newsday reports the number of missing include over 1,300 children.
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Thursday 8
John Lennon 1940-1980: History Professor Jon Wiener Discusses Lennon's Politics, FBI Files and Why Richard Nixon Sought to Deport Him. 25 years ago today John Lennon died after being shot dead by a gunman named Mark Chapman. Millions mourned the death of perhaps the most famous Beatle. Today memorials are being held across the world.
On this anniversary, we pay tribute to Lennon’s life with historian Jon Wiener, author of "Gimme Some Truth: The John Lennon FBI Files" and "Come Together: John Lennon in His Time." We also hear Lennon and his wife Yoko Ono describe their Bed-In For Peace. We play excerpts of Lennon singing "Imagine" at the Apollo Theater in Harlem at a rally for the Attica prisoners and Lennon singing at the 1971 Free John Sinclair concert in Ann Arbor. In addition we air historic interviews with Pete Seeger discussing the significance of Lennon’s song "Give Peace A Chance" and Abbie Hoffman on Lennon, the political radical.
As Rice Asserts U.S. Detainee Policy, a Look at "Torture Flights" and Secret CIA Prisons. As Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice says that U.S. interrogators are forbidden to use torture both at home and abroad, we speak with British journalist Stephen Grey on how he tracks so-called "torture flights" - when the CIA kidnaps a suspect of the street and transports them to secret prisons.
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Wednesday 7
Jury Acquits Jailed Palestinian Professor of Several Charges in Major Blow to Bush Administration. A federal jury on Tuesday failed to return a single guilty verdict on any of the 51 criminal counts against former Florida professor, Sami Al-Arian and three co-defendants accused of helping to lead a Palestinian terrorist group. He remains in jail. We speak with his daughter and a journalist who has closely followed the case.
Thirty Years After the Indonesian Invasion of East Timor, Will the U.S. Be Held Accountable for its Role in the Slaughter? Thirty years ago today, on December 7 1975, Indonesia invaded East Timor. Over 200,000 East Timorese lost their lives in one of the worst genocides of the 20th century. A recently-completed East Timorese commission of inquiry into human rights abuses during the occupation makes use of extensive documents that show the US government knew in advance of the invasion and worked behind the scenes to hide it from public scrutiny. The East Timorese government has asked parliament to withhold the report. We speak with East Timor's ambassador to the UN and the US, and a professor at the National Security Archive.
Extraordinary Rendition Under Fire: Lawsuit Charges CIA with Kidnapping and Torture of German Citizen. On Tuesday, the American Civil Liberties Union filed a federal lawsuit on behalf of a German citizen who says U.S. agents mistakenly kidnapped him and sent him to a secret prison in Afghanistan where he was tortured. We speak with British journalist Stehen Grey who helped expose the CIA rendition program of flying detainees to secret prisons around the world.
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Tuesday 6
Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace: A Look at the Epic Russian Novel and its Author. Thirty-five years ago this month, Pacifica Radio station WBAI broadcast a marathon reading of Leo Tolstoy's classic work "War and Peace." For four and a half days ending December 6, 1970, more than 170 people from all walks of life came together for a reading of the great Russian epic "War and Peace." We speak with Professor Andy Kaufman of the University of Virginia about the significance of War and Peace and its author, Leo Tolstoy.
WBAI's War and Peace Broadcast: 35 Years Later. We broadcast a documentary produced by the Pacifica Radio Archives about Pacifica Radio station WBAI's 1970 War and Peace broadcast. It includes excerpts from the 1970 marathon reading, interviews with the original producers, new readings performed specifically for this broadcast, and a lot more.
Actors, Journalists, Activists, Scholars and Others Continue the War and Peace Epic. Thirty-five years after WBAI's 1970 War and Peace broadcast, the Pacifica Radio Archive gathered actors, activists, scholars and journalists to read sections of the epic novel. We play excerpts of readings by veteran White House correspondent Helen Thomas and writer and death row prisoner Mumia Abu Jamal.
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Monday 5
Extraordinary Rendition Scandal Reaches New Heights: Rice on the Offensive in Europe Over Bush Administration's Use of "Torture Flights". The scandal over the Bush administration's use of so-called "extraordinary renditions' is reaching new heights. Rendition - what many call kidnapping - is the highly controversial practice of transporting detainees seized overseas by U.S. agents to countries known for using torture. On Sunday, the Washington Post detailed how a German citizen was seized in Europe by the CIA, beaten, drugged and held to a secret prison in Afghanistan for five months before the agency realized they had the wrong man.
British Tory MP Blasts Extraordinary Rendition, Says Britain Broke International Law and "Complicit in Torture" if Flights Passed Through UK. We go to London to speak with Andrew Tyrie, a member of British parliament with the Tory party. He is chairman of the recently-formed All Parliamentary Group on Extraordinary Rendition.
Noam Chomsky, Arundhati Roy Among 13,000 to Sign Petition Calling for Release of Kidnapped Aid Workers. More than 13,000 people, including Noam Chomsky and Arundhati Roy, have signed an online petition urging the release of four peace activists with the Christian Peacemaker Team kidnapped in Baghdad 10 days ago. We speak with a friend of one of the captives and we go to Hebron to speak with a correspondent for Al-Jazeera.net in the Occupied Territories where the CPT has worked for the past decade.
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Friday 2
World AIDS Day: A Look at the Fight Against the Global Pandemic. The 18th annual World AIDS Day was observed yesterday around the theme "Stop AIDS, Keep the Promise." The World Health Organization estimates that 3.1 million people worldwide will die of AIDS this year including 500,000 children and a recent UN AIDS report showed that the number of people living with HIV has topped 40 million for the first time. We speak with the Center for Health and Gender Equity (www.genderhealth.org).
CDC: AIDS the Leading Cause of Death Among African American Women Aged 25-44. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 68% of women who contract AIDS are black. The CDC also reported AIDS was a leading cause of death among black women ages 25 to 44. We speak with the National Coalition of One Hundred Black Women (www.ncbw.org).
Hampton Univ. Students Face Disciplinary Action for Anti-Bush Walkout. Seven students at Hampton University in Virginia face disciplinary action for staging a walkout during the World Can't Wait day of action against the Bush administration one month ago. Shortly before they appear before a disciplanary hearing today, we speak with one of the walkout's main organizers.
NYU Grad Student Strike: A Debate On the Rights of Students to Unionize. The New York University graduate student strike has entered its 24th day. On November 9th, some of the school's graduate student teaching and research assistants went on strike in an effort to force the school to recognize the graduate student union. We host a debate between Michael Palm, chair of the student union, and Paul Boghossian, professor of philosophy who is representing the administration.
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Thursday 1
Iraqi-American Member of Muslim Peacemaker Team Speaks Out for Four Kidnapped Colleagues. As a group of influential Sunni scholars in Iraq calls for the release of four kidnapped aid workers of the Christian Peacemakers Team, we go to Najaf to speak with Sami Rasuli, an Iraqi American who is a member of the Muslim Peacemaker Team that was founded in conjunction with the Christian Peacemakers Team (www.cpt.org).
Is the U.S. Training Iraqi Death Squads to Fight the Insurgency? In what the White House billed as a major policy address, President Bush outlined the administration's Iraq war strategy. Bush again linked a withdrawal of U.S. troops to improvements in the capability of Iraqi security forces. We speak with independent journalist Arun Gupta about the presence Iraqi death squads and the U.S. training of Iraqi security forces.
Rep. Jose Serrano: One of Three Congressmembers to Vote for Immediate U.S. Troop Withdrawal from Iraq, One of Two to Accept Venezuelan President Chavez' Offer of Cheap Oil to Poor U.S. Communities. We speak with Rep. Jose Serrano (D - NY), one of only three Congressmembers out of more than 400 who voted for an immediate withdrawal of US troops from Iraq. He's also one of the two to take up an offer by Venezuelan president Hugo Chavez for cheap oil here in the United States.
50th Anniversary of Montgomery Bus Boycott. Today marks the 50th anniversary of the start of the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Civil rights pioneer Rosa Parks was arrested December 1st, 1955, for violating segregation laws when she refused to give up her seat on a city bus to a white man. The move sparked a one-year boycott in Montgomery, Alabama. We hear some of the voices of people who were outside Parks' memorial in Washington DC last month.
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